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This webpage is dedicated to the medieval mathematican and astronomer
Muhammad ibn Musa (al-)Khwarizmi (or Kharazmi), who is mainly known for his treatise on algebra and his text on Hindu-Arabic numerals. In the process of the transmission of this text to the West, his name was garbled to "algorism" and further to "algorithm". Al-Khwarizmi was also an important astronomer. In this webpage we provide information on his original works in Arabic, and on modern translations of his original works, for the benefit of those who want to read his works as close as possible to the original. We have added scans of sources which are not in copyright (if one of these sources is in copyright we ask the publisher to let us know so we can remove the file immediately).
The page is structured in the same way as our webpage on www.albiruni.nl. The works will be listed and for each work we give editions of the Arabic text, translations, a selection of modern articles, and then Arabic (or Latin) manuscripts with links to facsimiles if the manuscripts are online. Some abbreviated references (such as GAS, RI) are explained at the end of this page.
Work on this page started in the spring of 2017. The results are therefore preliminary. We are very grateful for additions and corrections which can be sent to jphogendijk_at_gmail.nl.
Thanks are due to the following colleagues and friends who provided scans or information: Mr. Faribord Shirazi (Tehran), Mr. Pouyan Rezvani (Tehran), Dr. Rob van Gent (Utrecht), Dr. Eric Mercier (Nantes)
Works with abbreviated titles: 1. Arithmetic 2. Algebra
3. Zij (astronomical handbook) 4. Use of the astrolabe
5. Witty things on the astrolabe
6. Sundials
7. Jewish Calendar
8. Geography
9. Qibla Table
10. Fragments
10. Texts of uncertain authorship
Selected introductory online sources on (al-)Khwarizmi:
G.J. Toomer, article "al-Khwarizmi" in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (produced by machine reading, with many miserable spelling errors which do not occur in the printed original).
Sonja Brentjes, article "Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi" in Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.)
The biographical Encyclopaedia of Astronomers, New York: Springer Verlag, 2007, pp. 631-633. The same biography in the ISMI biography website (Berlin).
More online sources: see below.
Standard bibliography: GAS 5, pp. 228-242, GAS 6 pp. 140-143, GAS 7, pp. 128-129. RI no. 41, pp. 21-26 (not always accurate). A very large annotated bibliography of studies on al-Khwarizmi before 1983 is in Matematischeskie Traktaty pp. 266-299.
Note: there are no authentic portraits of al-Khwarizmi, all portraits on the internet are modern artist's impressions.
WORKS BY (AL-)KHWARIZMI
1. ARITHMETIC. GAS 5, 240 no. 2, RI p. 22 no. M1.
The treatise on computation by Indian numbers has been lost in Arabic but survives in a medieval Latin translation made in the 12th century. The Arabic title is lost, some authors say that it was fI jam` wa-tafrIq but others disagree (RI 22).
Editions and translations:
1. Edition of the complete Latin text and German translation: Menso Folkerts, Die älteste lateinische Schrift über das indische Rechnen nach al-Hwarizmi: Edition, Übersetzung und Kommentar. München 1997, Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Download
Earlier editions and translations: (all incomplete because they are based on the Cambridge manuscript and therefore miss the end of the text by al-Khwarizmi):
2. Baldassare Boncompagni (1821-1894), Trattati d'arithmetica. I. Algorismi de numero Indorum. Roma 1857.
Digital edition (books.google.com)
3. Kurt Vogel, Mohammad ibn Musa Alchwarizmi's Algorismus. Das früheste Lehrbuch zum Rechnen mit indischen Ziffern. nach der einzigen (lateinischen) Handschrift (Cambridge Un. Lib. Ms. Ii. 6.5) in Faksimile mit Transkription und Kommentar herausgegeben. Aalen 1963.
4. André Allard, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi: Le Calcul Indien (Algorismus). Histoire des textes, édition critique, traduction et commentaire des plus anciennes versions latines remaniées du XIIe siècle. Paris/Namur 1992.
5. Russian translation with commentary in p. 5-19, 109-118, 150-202 of Al-Khorezmi, Matematicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983 (in Russian). Scan.
6. English translation in John N. Crossley, Alan S. Henry, Thus Spake al-Khwarizmi: A Translation of the Text of Cambridge University Library Ms. Ii.vi.5, Historia Mathematica 17 (1990) 103-131, available online (Elsevier open archive).
Latin manuscripts:
1. New York, Hispanic Society of America, HC 397/726, ff. 17a-24b. Complete. This manuscript was discovered by Menso Folkerts around 1993. Facsimile of this manuscript in Folkerts, Die älteste lateinische Schrift über das indische Rechnen nach al-Hwarizmi: Edition, Übersetzung und Kommentar.
2. Cambridge, University Library, Ii 6.5, f. 104a-111b. Incomplete, breaks off in Chapter 12. This manuscript has been known for a long time. After the discovery of the New York manuscript it has turned out that the Cambridge manuscript is not the original Latin translation but a later edition, made also in the 12th century.
Facsimile of the Cambridge manuscript in:Kurt Vogel, Mohammad ibn Musa Alchwarizmi's Algorismus. (see above).
2. ALGEBRA
Title: al-kitAb al-mukhta.sar fI .hisAb al-jabr wa'l-muqAbala, Concise book on restauration and confrontation. Sezgin GAS 5 p. 240 no. 1, RI no. 41 p. 22 no. M3.
This work consists of three parts: 1 on linear and quadratic equations, 2. on practical geometry, 3. on inheritance problems.
Editions and translations of the original Arabic text:
Arabic text and English translation: The Algebra of Mohammad ben Musa, edited and translated by Frederic Rosen. London 1831. Digital version.
Arabic text: Kitab al-Jabr wa'l-Muqabala, ed. `Ali Mustafa Musharrafa and Muhammad Mursi Ahmed, Cairo 1939. Download (archive.org)
Arabic text and French translation: R. Rashed, Al-Khwarizmi: Le Commencement de l'Algèbre, Paris 2007.
Arabic text and English translation: R. Rashed, Al-Khwarizmi: The Beginnings of Algebra, London: Saqi Press, 2009.
Russian translation by B.A. Rosenfeld in pp. 20-81, 118-142 of Al-Khorezmi, Matematicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983 (in Russian). Scan.
Uzbek translation by A. Akhmedov in Muhammad ibn Musa Khorezmiy, Tanlangan asarlar: matematika, astronomiya, geografiya. Tarjima, maqola, izohlar (tr. and comm.) A. Ahmedovniki, Toshkent 1983.
Persian translation by Husain Khidiw Jam, Mohammad ebn-e Musa Khwarizmi, Tehran 1348 A.H. (solar) / 1969 CE.
Tajek translation in Muhammad ibni Musa Khorezmi. Risolai jabru muqobala wa-Kitob-ul-vasoye. Murattib va muallifi tavzehot I. Khojiyev. Dushanbe 1984.
Edition and English translation of the second part (on geometry) in Solomon Gandz, The Mishnat ha-Middot and the Geometry of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khowarezmi, Berlin 1932, reprinted in F. Sezgin, ed., Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy vol. 5, Frankfurt 1997.
Scan. (only the part on al-Khwarizmi).
Study on the third part (in inheritance problems) in H. Wieleitner, Die Erbteilungsaufgaben bei Mohammad ibn Musa Alchwarazmi, Zeitschrift für mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht aller Schulgattungen 53 (1922), 57-67, reprinted in F. Sezgin, ed., Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy vol. 5, Frankfurt 1997, Scan.
and Solomon Gandz, The algebra of inheritance, a rehabilitation of al-Khuwarizmi, Osiris 5 (1938), 319-391, online version.
Editions and translated of the medieval Latin translation (made in the 12th century of only the first part of the work, on quadratic equations):
Louis Charles Karpinski, Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of al-Khwarizmi, with an introduction, critical notes and an English version New York, Macmillan Company, 1915, digital version (googlebooks)
Barnabas Hughes, Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwarizmi's Al-Jabr: A critical edition. Medieval Studies
48 (1986) pp. 211-263. Scan.
Arabic manuscripts:
1. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hunt. 214, 1b-34a. Front page of this manuscript. A few more pages of this manuscript can be accessed via this page from the Bodleian Library website. A (manuscript) copy of this manuscript is in New York, Columbia University, Smith Or. 40. See for a page of this manuscript copy the brief article Mathematical Treasures by Frank J. Swetz and Viktor J. Katz.
2. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Landberg, 199, 60a-95b. The digital version of Ms. Landberg 199, 60a-95b is called " Kitab al-Misa.ha wa'l-wa.sAyA" but it does contain the Algebra by al-Khwarizmi (except the first paragraph). The name of al-Khwarizmi is not mentioned. According to GAS 5, p. 240 no. 1 this manuscript was identified by A. Anbouba, see A. Ambouba, L'algèbre arabe aux IXe et Xe siècles. Aperçu général, Journal for the History of Arabic Science 2 (1978), 66-100, esp. p. 67.
The whole Berlin codex Landberg 199 has been digitized , the part by al-Khwarizmi is Kitab fi'l-masaha wa'l-wasaya, Blätter 125-196. Direct link to this part.
3. Al-Medina (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), `Arif Hikmat, 6-Jabr, 1b-31b (see Rashed ed.)
4. Al-Medina (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), `Arif Hikmat, 4-Jabr, 1b-61b (see Rashed ed.)
5. Tehran, Malik Library, 3418, 16-23, a fragment.
6. 7. Two manuscripts in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Medieval Latin manuscripts are not rendered here because the Arabic text is extant.
3. ZIJ (ASTRONOMICAL HANDBOOK). GAS 6, p. 142 no. 1, RI p. 23 no. A1.
The astronomical handbook of (al-)Khwarizmi has not come down to us in its Arabic original form but only in medieval Latin translations of revised versions.
On the complicated biliographical situation see also: Chapter 3.1.3 (p. 33-35) in David A. King, Julio Samso, Astronomical tables from the Islamic world (750-1900), an interim report, in Suhayl 2 (2001), pp. 9-105, download the whole article, and Benno van Dalen, Al-Khwarizmi's astronomical tables revisited, analysis of the equation of time, in J. Casulleras and J. Samso, ed., From Baghdad to Barcelona: Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Juan Vernet, Barcelona 1996, vol. 1, pp. 195-252.
Medieval Latin translation of the revision by Maslama al-Majriti:
1. Edition of the Latin text with German commentary in Heinrich Suter, Die astronomischen Tafeln des Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in der Bearbeitung des Maslama ibn Ahmed al-Madjriti und der latein. Übersetzung des Athelard von Bath auf Grund der Vorarbeiten von A. Bjornbo und R. Besthorn herausgegeben und kommentiert. D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selskap, Skrifter 7. Raekke, Historisk og filosofisk Afd. III. 1. Copenhagen 1914. Reprinted in F. Sezgin, ed., Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy vol. 7, Frankfurt 1997. Digital version (archive.org) another digital version (menadoc, Halle)
2. English translation with commentary in O. Neugebauer, The astronomical tables of al-Khwarizmi, Copenhagen, Royal Danish Academy of Science, 1962, download. Here also information can be found on another revision by Petrus Alfonsus, who introduced al-Khwarizmi's work to England in the early twelfth century.
Russian translation, with introduction and commentary, in pp. 1-124 of Al-Ghorezmi, Astronomicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983. Dgital version (astro-cabinet.ru)
A commentary to the astronomical tables of (al-)Khwarizmi by Ibn al-Muthanna (after 1000 CE) is lost in the Arabic original but survives in medieval Hebrew and Latin translations.
1. For the Hebrew versions see the edition with English translation in B.R. Goldstein, Ibn al-Muthanna's Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967.
Russian translation of the trigonometrical part of Ibn al-Muthanna's commentary (predeced by a few chapters of the revision by Maslama al-Majriti) in pp. 81-109, 142-149 of Al-Khorezmi, Matematicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983 (in Russian). Scan.
2. For the 12-th century Latin translation by Hugo Sanctallensis see the edition in Eduardo Millás Vendrell, El comentario de Ibn al-Mutanna a las tablas astronómicas de al-Jwarizmi - Estudio y edición crítica del texto latino en la versió de Hugo Sanctallensis. Madrid, Barcelona 1963. Review by E. Poulle in
Revue d'Histoire des Science 18 (1965),411-412 available online.
Many later Islamic authors refer to the astronomical handbook of al-Khwarizmi. By collecting all these fragments (which has not yet been done systematically; see for ex. GAS 6 p. 142) much more information on the astronomical handbook can be obtained.
Example in: Jan P. Hogendijk, The mathematical structure of two Islamic astrological tables for ``casting the rays''. Centaurus 32 (1989), pp. 171-202. Download (with corrections)
4. USE OF THE ASTROLABE, kitAb al-`amal bi'l-asturlab, book on operating with the astrolabe. GAS 6 p. 143 no. 3, RI p. 23 no. A2.
The text is preserved in a unique manuscript (in Berlin) with other material which may or may not be related to al-Khwarizmi but which probably dates back to the same period, see the texts of uncertain authorship (no. 11) below.
Arabic text with English translation and commentary: see Text 2 (pp. 115-124, 140-150, 166-173) in François Charette, Petra G. Schmidl, al-Khwarizmi and practical astronomy in Ninth-Century Baghdad. The earliest Extant Corpus of Texts in Arabic on the Astrolabe and Other Portable Instruments. SCIAMVS 5 (2004), pp. 101-198. Download (SCIAMVS website)
German translation of only the text on the use of the astrolabe (with perhaps some extraneous material) in: Josef Frank, Die Verwendung des Astrolabes nach al-Chwarizmi, Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin 3 (1922), pp. 1-32. Reprinted in F. Sezgin, ed., Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy vol. 4, 1990-91. Scan.
Russian translation by G.P. Matvievskaya in pp. 253-266 of Al-Khorezmi, Matematicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983 (in Russian). Scan.
Arabic manuscript: The text by al-Khwarizmi is included in Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Landberg 56, 77b-97b, digital version here for the whole manuscript Landsberg 56. Al-Khwarizmi's text is (in any case) f. 81b-91b. ff. 77b-81a is an anonymous (and very incomplete) introduction on the construction of the astrolabe (almuqantars on the plates and shadow square on the back). This is followed on f. 81 with " Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi said... " with instructions on how to use the astrolabe. The instructions end in the middle of f. 91a. For the rest of the manuscript see no. 11 below. Pdf of the pages which refer to Khwarizmi here.
A late tenth-tentury (!) Latin translation (with revisions and additions) of al-Khwarizmi's text on the use of the astrolabe is preserved in the Sententie Astrolabii, see Paul Kunitzsch, Al-Khwarizmi as source for the sententiae astrolabii, in
From Deferent to Equant, A Volume of Studies on the History of Science of the Ancient and Medieval Near East in Honor of ES Kennedy, Annals of the New York Academy of Science vol. 500 (1987), pp. 227-236. Kunitzch edits the text and translation in parallel columns.
Edition of the full Latin text of the Sententie astrolabii in Millas Vallicrosa, Assaig d'història de les idees físiques i matemàtiques a la Catalunya medieval, vol. 1, Barcelona: Estudis Universitaris Catalans, Sèrie Monogràfica i. Scan of the Appendix (varioua Latin astrolabe texts), pp. 275-288 contain the Sententie Astrolabii which Kunitzsch identified as an edited version of a work by al-Khwarizmi.
5. WITTY THINGS ON THE ASTROLABE .Zara'if min `amal Mu.hammad ibn mUsA al-khwArizmI: ma`rifat al-samt bi'l-as.turlAb, Witty things from the work of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi: the determination of the azimuth by means of the astrolabe. GAS 6 p. 143 no. 2, RI p. 24 no. A10.
Arabic text with English translation and commentary: see Text 9 (pp. 130-131, 155-157, 181-182)
in François Charette, Petra G. Schmidl, al-Khwarizmi and practical astronomy in Ninth-Century Baghdad. The earliest Extant Corpus of Texts in Arabic on the Astrolabe and Other Portable Instruments. SCIAMVS 5 (2004), pp. 101-198. Download (SCIAMVS website)
Russian translation in Mukhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, k 1200-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Moscow 1983, pp. 216-221, Scan.
Arabic manuscript: Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofia 4380, 198b-199a.
6. SUNDIALS `amal al-sA`At fI basI.t al-ru.hAma, construction of the hours on the surface of a plane sundial. GAS 6 p. 143 no. 5. RI p. 25 no. A20.
See the detailed description of the treatise by D.A. King.
Russian translation in Mukhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, k 1200-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Moscow 1983, pp. 221-234, Scan.
Arabic manuscript: Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofia 4380, 231b-235a.
7. JEWISH CALENDAR. risAla fI istikhrAj ta`rIkh al-yahUd, letter on the extraction of the Jewish calendar. GAS 6 p. 143 no. 4.
Arabic edition (not critical) in Rasa'ilu'l-Mutafarriqa f'il-hai'at li'l-mutyaqaddimin wa mu`asiray il-Biruni, containing eleven important treatises on astronomy and other subjects, Hyderabad, Osmania Oriental Publications Bureau 1948, no. 1. Reprinted in F. Sezgin, ed. Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy vol. 74 (Frankfurt 1998), pp. 1-9. Scan.
Russian translation, with introduction and commentary, in pp. 24-25, 129-137 in Al-Khorezmi, Astronomicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983. Digital version (astro-cabinet.ru)
Arabic manuscript: Patna, Khuda Bakhsh Library, Bankipore 2468, 115a-117a. Scan.
See E.S. Kennedy, al-Khwarizmi on the Jewish Calendar, Scripta Mathematica 27 (1964) pp. 55-59, reprinted in E.S Kennedy, Colleagues and Former Students, Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences, Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1983, pp. 661-665. Scan.
8. GEOGRAPHY kitAb .sUrat al-'ar.d min al-mudun wa'l-jibal wa'l-bihAr wa'l-jazA'ir wa'l-anhAr istakhrajahu abU ja`far mu.hammad al-khwArizmI min kitAb al-jUghrAfiyya alladhI 'allafahu ba.tlamyUs al-kalawdhI,
Book on the Form of the Earth: Cities, Mountains, Seas, Islands and Rivers, extracted by Abu Ja`far Muhammad al-Khwarizmi from the book Geography which was composed by Claudius Ptolemaeus. RI p. 25 G1.
Arabic edition: Hans von Mzik, Das Kitab Surat al-ard des Abu Ga`far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khuwarizmi, herausgegeben nach dem handschr. Unikum des Bibliothèque de l'Université Régionale in Strassburg (cod. 4247). Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1926. Reprinted in F. Sezgin, ed., Mathematical Geography vol. 1. Scan of the Arabic part and the German part. Note that not all the tables have been scanned: they are better available in the Arabic manuscript below.
Arabic manuscript: Strasbourg, Bibliothèque Nationale Universitaire, 1036 (previously no. 4247).
Digital version (www.numistral.fr)
Kharazmi's world-map has been reconstructed in detail in 1967 by Radiya Jafri of the Aligarh Muslim University.
Part of the reconstruction is online, see here. One can download
the title and the reconstructed maps; because this is difficult at times I also put the files here: Title of PhD dissertation Index Maps
The reconstruction was published in kharI.tah jughrAfiyA-ye jahAn az rU-ye ketAb .sUrat al-‘ar.d KhwArazmI, ta.hlIl enteqAdI wa-tafsIr beh qalam-e rA.diyah JafrI, NashriyAt dAnesh, Doshanbe - Srinagar, 1985 [not seen]. Review of this work in Persian by Hossein Masoumi-Hamadani in Nashr-e Danesh vol. 10 (4), Tehran (1369 A.H. solar / 1990), 80-81. [not seen]
Note that von Mzik, in preparing his edition, also used the 10-th century geographical work Wonders of the seven climates (ajA'ib al-aqAlIm al-sab`a) of Suhrab, which is based on al-Khwarizmi's Geography. A manuscript of Suhrab's work is in London, British Library, Add. Ms. 23379, available online (Qatar Digital Library)
9. QIBLA TABLE al-jadwal al-`ishrInI li-abI ja`far mu.hammad ibn mUsA al-khwArizmI, the vicesimal table by Abu Ja`far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi.
RI p. 24 no. A4.
Arabic manuscript: Cairo, Taymur, Riyada 103/2 (pp. 100-104). Photo of the table in pdf and jpg, from
D.A. King, al-Khwarizmi and new trends in mathematical astronomy in the ninth century, New York 1983, p. 16. For the manuscript, see David A. King, A survey of the Scientific Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library,
Winona Lake, Indiana, 1986, p. 192 no. 3.36.
The table presents for all
20 values of longitude difference x and 20 values of latitude difference y the angle q(x,y) between the qibla and the south in degrees and minutes. This is for a locality whose geographical latitude is the sum of y and the latitude of Mecca, and whose geographical longitude differs x from that of Mecca. The qibla was computed according to an approximate method equivalent to (tan (q(x,y))=sin(y)/sin(x)), as is shown by the numbers 45;0 in the diagonal of the table. See for the manuscript source and a recomputation of this table pp. 111 (e) and 108-109 (Table 2) in D.A. King, The Earliest Islamic Mathematical Methods and Tables for finding the direction of Mecca, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften 3 (1986), 82-149. The fact that the table is based on this primitive approximation is an argument against the attribution of it to al-Khwarizmi, because better methods were already available in his time.
10. FRAGMENTS AND REFERENCES
- Al-Khwarizmi wrote a work on History which has not come down to us, but which is quoted by several later historians.
The fragments have been collected in Russian translation in Mukhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, k 1200-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Moscow 1983, pp. 234-260, Scan.
- Abu Kamil in his algebra refers to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's summation of the successive powers of two in connection with grains on a chess-board, see pp. 724-726 in R. Rashed, ed., Abu Kamil, Algèbre and analyse diophantienne, Berlin 2012. Russian translation of the fragment in Mukhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, k 1200-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Moscow 1983, pp. 213-216, Scan. (the second fragment. The first fragment is taken from the Latin version of al-Khwarizmi's Arithmetics, but Menso Folkerts argues that this part may be an addition made by the Latin translator, and that the "work on arithmetics" was written by a Western author, not al-Khwarizmi. See pp. 30-31 and 112-113 in M. Folkerts, Die älteste lateinische Schrift über das indische Rechnen nach al-Hwarizmi: Edition, Übersetzung und Kommentar. München 1997).
- According to D.A. King, al-Khwarizmi and new trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the ninth century (New York 1983) p. 29, Al-Marrakushi refers to the sine quadrant as the "sine of al-Khwarizmi"
- Al-Biruni refers to al-Khwarizmi in several works, for example Tahdid Nihayat al-Amakin (coordinates). See www.albiruni.nl
11. TEXTS OF UNCERTAIN AUTHORSHIP
The two treatises by al-Khwarizmi on the astrolabe and on sundials (no. 4, 5 and 6) are part of a corpus of many anonymous texts on timekeeping, astrolabes, sundials, qibla, etc., which have been attributed to al-Khwarizmi by modern researches. Some of these texts were probably by al-Khwarizmi but not all of them. They have been listed in RI, pp. 24-26 as treatises by al-Khwarizmi (nos. A5-A11 and A13-A19, G2).
The corpus consists of the following Arabic manuscripts:
Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Landberg 56, 77b-97b, see digitalisation here.
Istanbul, Ayasofya 4830, ff. 182a-199b, 228b-235a,
Tashkent, Al-Biruni Institute, no. 177/3 (f. 148a-151a).
For a description of the Istanbul and Tashkent manuscripts with a detailed list of all the texts, see: A. A. Ahmedov, J. ad-Dabbagh, B.A. Rosenfeld, Istanbul manuscripts of al-Khwarizmi's treatises, Erdem 3 (1987) pp. 163-186, download here or here. The texts in ms. Ayasofya 4830 and ms. Taskhent 177/3 are numbered 1-59 (this will be called the "Ahmedov-Dabbagh-Rosenfeld numbering"). Text no. 39 (Witty things) and nos. 52-59 (Sundials) are authentic texts by al-Khwarizmi (see no. 5 and no. 6 above).
Turkish translation of this article by Prof. Melek Dosay in Erdem 3 (1987) pp. 187-210, download here or here.
Arabic edition and English translation of part of the corpus (the Berlin ms. plus Ayasofya 4830, 193a, 196b-197a, 198b-199a) in François Charette, Petra G. Schmidl, al-Khwarizmi and practical astronomy in Ninth-Century Baghdad. The earliest Extant Corpus of Texts in Arabic on the Astrolabe and Other Portable Instruments. SCIAMVS 5 (2004), pp. 101-198. Download (SCIAMVS website)
Analysis of part of the corpus in David A. King, al-Khwarizmi and new trends in mathematical astronomy in the ninth century, New York 1983, Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, Occasional Papers on the Near East no. 2, 43 pp.
Analysis of Berlin Landsberg 56, 93b-95b in David A. King, In Synchrony with the Heavens vol. 1: The Call of the Muezzin. Leiden: Brill 2005, pp. 233-235. (includes prayer tables for Baghdad)
Here is a list of the numbers of the parts of texts (in the Ahmedov-Dabbagh-Rosenfeld numbering) published in the above-mentioned publications:
Nos. 31, 36, 39 (Arabic text and English translation) in François Charette, Petra G. Schmidl, al-Khwarizmi and practical astronomy in Ninth-Century Baghdad.
Nos. 22, 1-4, 32 (Arabic text and English translation) in A. A. Ahmedov, J. ad-Dabbagh, B.A. Rosenfeld, Istanbul manuscripts of al-Khwarizmi's treatises.
No. 36, 22-24 are analyzed in Chapter 3 of King, Al-Khwarizmi and new trends.
A Russian translation of most of the corpus seems to exist in A.A. Ahmedov, Traktaty al-Khorezmi ob opredelenii azumutov y vremeni, in Materialy po istorii nauki i kul'tury narodov Srednei Azii, Tashkent: Fan, 1991, pp. 155-200 (not seen).
Also interesting might be: A.A. Ahmedov, J. ad-Dabbagh, B.A. Rosenfeld, Makhtutat rasa'il al-Khwarizmi fi Istanbul wa-Tashkand, Abhath Jadida li'l-musta`ribin al-sufyati (Noviye issledovaniya sovetskikh arabistov, Moscow) 3 (1989), 48-74 (not seen).
The Berlin manuscript contains a table which has been edited and identified as Al-Khwarizmi's work in: J.P. Hogendijk, Al-Khwarizmi's table of the ``sine of the hours" and the underlying sine table. Historia Scientiarum 42 (1991), pp. 1-12. Download
MORE ONLINE SOURCES
Al-Khorezmi, Matematicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983 (in Russian). Scan.
Al-Khorezmi, Astronomicheskie Traktaty, Tashkent 1983 (in Russian). Digital version (astro-cabinet.ru)
S. Kh. Sirazdinov, G.P. Matvievskaya, Al-Khorezmi, Moscow 1983, Digital version (astro-cabinet.ru)
Mukhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, k 1200-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Moscow 1983.
K 1200-letiyu al-Khorezmi, Obchestvenniye Nauki v Uzbekistane, 7 (1983), 100 pp. Download
B.A. Rosenfeld, N.D. Sergeeva, Ob Astronomicheskikh Traktatakh al-Khorezmi Istoriko-Astronomicheskie Issledovaniya 13 (1977), 201-218. Digital version (astro-cabinet.ru)
Jeff Oaks, Was al-Khwarizmi an applied algebraist?
ABBREVIATIONS
GAS = F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. GAS 5 = Band 5, Leiden: Brill, 1974. GAS 6 = Band 6, Leiden: Brill, 1978. GAS 7 = Band 7, Leiden: Brill, 1979.
RI = B. Rosenfeld, E. Ihsanoglu, Mathematicians, Astronomers and Other Scholars of Islamic Civilization and their works (7th-19th century), Istanbul 2003.
To the website of Jan P. Hogendijk
Jan Hogendijk
<J.P.Hogendijk at uu.nl>
2022
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